Indonesia has great potential for onshore wind energy, especially in areas with high wind speeds. The development of wind energy is expected to help diversify energy sources, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and support the achievement of new renewable energy targets in the national energy mix. Based on Government Regulation No. 79/2014 on National Energy Policy, the target of new and renewable energy mix in 2025 is at least 23% and 31% in 2050. The target capacity of wind power plants in 2025 is 255 MW. The Empowering Wind Energy Development by Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership initiative in Indonesia aims to accelerate the growth of wind energy by focusing on several key objectives. First, it seeks to fast-track wind energy infrastructure by identifying strategic locations and necessary steps for development across the country. Second, it aims to attract both local and international investors by creating a favorable investment environment. Third, the initiative supports Indonesia’s commitment to the Paris Agreement by promoting wind energy as a means to reduce carbon emissions. Lastly, it encourages greater collaboration between the private sector, local governments, and international financial institutions to drive investment and implementation of wind energy projects.
Determining the optimal location for wind turbines relies heavily on wind speed, which plays a crucial role in defining the boundaries of a feasible Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) area. Initially, wind speed is the primary factor in site selection, but additional considerations are taken into account as the project advances to finalize the WTG area. The data for determining these areas is derived from open-source geographic information, which, after further field checks, has proven to provide sufficient detail at this stage. Following the onshore wind methodology established by DANIDA, which focuses on supporting sustainable energy programs in developing countries, collaboration with the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) has been instrumental. The wind energy potential in Indonesia is illustrated through various models, including onshore and offshore wind speed distribution maps, wind power density (WPD) maps, and annual energy production (AEP) maps. Preconditions for each site are essential factors that must be evaluated to determine whether a location is suitable for wind energy development, ensuring both technical and financial viability. These preconditions include having an average yearly wind speed of over 6 m/s at a height of 100 meters, and the site’s slope should not exceed 15 degrees, with a 100-meter buffer around steep ridges. Additionally, roads and railways must be excluded from the wind farm area, maintaining a buffer of 150 meters. Other no-go zones such as protected areas, water bodies, and airports, along with their buffers, must also be avoided.
Despite the potential, there are eight key challenges to wind energy development in Indonesia: 1) wind data availability, 2) spatial data standardization, 3) policy and licensing, 4) research and development, 5) industry capacity, 6) infrastructure, 7) financing, and 8) procurement mechanisms. Addressing these challenges is essential to the successful expansion of wind energy in the country. From the eight identified challenges in wind energy development, several key consequences and recommendations emerge. In the short term, the availability of wind data is critical to a wind farm's success. Insufficient data increases risks for developers and investors, potentially raising costs or diverting investments. A government-led, top-down approach is recommended for selecting project sites and managing early-stage preparations. Additionally, the lack of spatial data and standardized processes can delay projects and make it difficult to compare bids. Digitalizing geospatial maps and setting clear guidelines for site assessments, feasibility studies, and environmental permits would help streamline the process. In the long term, industry capacity remains a challenge, with reliance on foreign technology posing cost and geopolitical risks. Developing a local supply chain and expertise is essential. Infrastructure issues, such as inadequate transmission systems and road access, can lead to higher costs and project delays. To address this, expanding transmission networks, incentivizing energy storage (BESS), and improving road and port infrastructure through public-private partnerships are recommended. Furthermore, designating wind energy projects as National Strategic Projects and having government agencies lead the implementation of the roadmap will drive progress. Capacity building and technical assistance programs with international support (like ETP & JETP) are critical to overcoming these challenges and ensuring successful implementation.
There are several factors to consider when determining the suitability of a location for wind energy development. First, site selection involves assessing the wind resource, topography, current land use, and navigating regulatory frameworks for obtaining permits. Once the site is selected, the wind farm layout must be planned, including selecting appropriate wind turbines and positioning them for maximum efficiency and minimal environmental impact. Accessibility is also crucial, as transportation routes from the nearest port to the site, as well as internal logistics, need to be planned for the construction and maintenance phases. Additionally, the site conditions must be evaluated, including geology, seismicity, biodiversity, and potential social impacts on local communities. Another important aspect is the transmission network, where connection to the power grid via a PLN substation, schematic design, and transmission routes need to be planned. The potential energy yield should be estimated, accounting for energy losses, uncertainties, and annual variations in production. The project's business case must include cost assumptions, financial parameters, and evaluations of metrics such as Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR), and net profit. Finally, a conclusion should be drawn regarding the overall viability of the project, along with strategic recommendations and acknowledgment of any limitations that may affect its success.
As part of the "Empowering Indonesia Wind Development" roadmap, a detailed study conducted by the Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership (SEA ETP), with supported by Pondera Consultant, has identified eight promising onshore wind sites in Indonesia. These locations offer a combined development potential of up to 1.464 MW, providing significant opportunities to expand Indonesia’s renewable energy capacity. One notable case study is Ciracap, West Java, where the potential for wind energy generation is particularly high. With average wind speeds ranging between 6,41 to 8,7 m/s at a height of 100 meters, Ciracap is projected to support up to 400 MW of power through the use of 100 onshore wind turbines, each with a capacity of 4 MW. This site will significantly contribute to the region’s growing energy demands, particularly with West Java being home to over 40 industrial estates. Harnessing wind energy at these strategic locations aligns with Indonesia’s energy transition goals and the province's electricity supply plans as outlined in the RUPTL PLN 2021-2030.
PT Geni Buana Nusantara, as an engineering consultant specializing in renewable energy and decarbonization, has successfully undertaken several studies related to wind energy. Our projects have included comprehensive assessments of wind energy potential and resource evaluations, aligning with our commitment to advancing sustainable energy solutions. We believe that wind energy is a vital component of Indonesia's clean energy transition. Let us together realize a sustainable energy future by supporting Indonesia's Wind Energy Development Plan! It's time to invest in clean energy, accelerate onshore wind development, and bring Indonesia towards greener energy independence.
For more detailed report, click the link below:
Source :
Geni's Internal Writings and Datas.
Empowering Indonesia's Wind Energy Development: Roadmap and Investment Plan. Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership.
Wind Energy Development Prospectus: 400 MW Project in Ciracap, West Java. Pondera and SEA ETP
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